rueda de bloom. pablo lopez. 1996, Ophthalmology. Purpose: To determine the effect on ophthalmology clinic utilization at a major public inner-city hospital of California Proposition 187 and the debate surrounding its passage. Proposition 187 was a statewide referendum passed by 63% of the electorate in the November 1994 election that would ...A quarter century ago, California's Proposition 187 emboldened a generation of Latinos to run for public office and pass pro-immigrant legislation.. Monday marks the 25th anniversary of the defeat ...The repeated assertions that anti-immigration measures are not racially motivated make immigration law and policy a unique candidate for analysis through a Critical Race lens. This Comment will focus on Proposition 187, the November 1994 California ballot initiative passed by the voters which, if declared constitutional by the courts, would ...In 1994, California voters approved Proposition 187 by a 59 to 41 percent vote. Judge Pfaelzer issued a partial ruling in 1995, declaring the part of Proposition 187 that would prevent illegal alien children from attending K-12 schools unconstitutional, and preventing the state from implementing most other sections of Proposition 187 as well.Oct 29, 2019 · Proposition 187 officially qualified for the election in June 1994 and was coincidentally assigned the same number that California’s penal code designates for murder. It arrived at the perfect time. 0+. Apple PodcastsPreview. 7 episodes. In 1994 an anti-immigrant ballot initiative rocked the state of California. It turned the state into the progressive beacon it is today, but also paved the way for Donald Trump to be elected president. The Battle of 187 is hosted by award-winning reporter Gustavo Arellano and is a collaboration between the ...Lessons for Trump in the effect of California's Prop 187. ... but that image changed when he got behind Proposition 187 to save his 1994 re-election campaign. When Trump hits back, he hits back ...California Proposition 187 (1994) California Proposition 187 was a proposition introduced in California in 1994 to deny illegal immigrants (or those suspected of being so) social services, health care, and public education. It was introduced by assemblyman Dick Mountjoy (Republican, Monrovia, California).The proposition came before voters on the November 8, …It was a proposal to deny undocumented immigrants access to public services like health care or education. We're talking not about the latest policy from …SACRAMENTO – The California State Senate has approved Senate Resolution 51 to mark June 23, 2014, the 20 th anniversary of the qualification of Proposition 187 for the November 1994 ballot, as a day to celebrate California’s diversity and promote a united future. The Senate expressly recognized that California's prosperity is intimately … Service (INS). The State of California’s Legislative Analyst had estimated that Prop 187. would reduce net state outlays about $100-200 million per year. A federal district court temporarily halted Prop 187's restrictions on benefits in. December 1994, and this freeze was continued under a November 1995 preliminary. Looking for the best restaurants in Buena Park, CA? Look no further! Click this now to discover the BEST Buena Park restaurants - AND GET FR Still not sure where to go next for you...Proposition 187, a controversial ballot measure that California voters made law last week, has sparked a flurry of lawsuits in state and federal courts and sent students into the streets in protest.BestBuy.ca is a popular online retailer that offers a wide range of electronics, appliances, and entertainment products. One of the many perks of shopping at BestBuy.ca is their re...The State of California’s Legislative Analyst had estimated that Prop 187 would reduce net state outlays about $100-200 million per year. A federal district court temporarily halted Prop 187's restrictions on benefits in December 1994, and this freeze was continued under a November 1995 preliminary injunction. This 1995 decision, LULAC v.Our miniseries about California's Proposition 187, in collaboration with the Los Angeles Times, continues with a special bonus episode. Host Gustavo Arellano speaks with the former governor of ...It was a proposal to deny undocumented immigrants access to public services like health care or education. We're talking not about the latest policy from …rueda de bloom. pablo lopez. 1996, Ophthalmology. Purpose: To determine the effect on ophthalmology clinic utilization at a major public inner-city hospital of California Proposition 187 and the debate surrounding its passage. Proposition 187 was a statewide referendum passed by 63% of the electorate in the November 1994 election that would ...Nov 8, 2019 · Since Proposition 187 was approved, the Latino electorate has grown. In 1994, 1.4 million Latinos were registered to vote in California. Today, there are more than 4 million, Padilla said. ANAHEIM — Latino community leaders Tuesday cited the death of a 12-year-old Anaheim boy as the first casualty of Proposition 187. Julio Cano, a seventh-grader at Sycamore Junior High School ...It’s easy to think that Proposition 187 came in isolation. It didn’t. It was a very anti-immigrant time for lawmaking in California. In the state itself, the year before Proposition 187 was passed, the legislature by a bipartisan vote decided to deny driver’s licenses to undocumented people, which only in recent years has been reversed.Times Staff Writer. PHOENIX —. A decade after Proposition 187 roiled California’s political landscape, a move to block illegal immigrants from receiving some public services is alive in ...Giant steps: Walkouts against 187 trace the growth of an issue into a cause L.A. march against Prop. 187 draws 70,000 Prop. 187 forced a generation to put fear aside and fight.Arguably the biggest impact of Prop. 187 is that it led to California becoming a solidly blue state. The Golden State had seen many years of Republican control and a steady decline in the naturalization of immigrants. Without becoming U.S. citizens -- basically as life-long green card holders -- immigrants could not vote.Proposition 187: Global Trend or Local Narrative? Explaining Anti-Immigrant Politics in California, Arizona and Texas * Michael Peter Smith, Michael Peter Smith. Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. Search for more papers by this author.Nov 8, 2019 · Nov. 8, 2019 3 AM PT. Twenty-five years ago this week, by a 59% to 41% vote, California voters passed Proposition 187, which aimed to block undocumented immigrants from access to non-emergency ... Passed by voters in the fall of 1994, the proposition would have barred California governmental agencies at the state and local levels from ‘‘providing non-emergency medical care, public assistance, social services, and education to undocumented immigrants.’’1 The irony of Proposition 187 is that it was legally unnecessary because undocumented immigrants …The repeated assertions that anti-immigration measures are not racially motivated make immigration law and policy a unique candidate for analysis through a Critical Race lens. This Comment will focus on Proposition 187, the November 1994 California ballot initiative passed by the voters which, if declared constitutional by the courts, would ...Sep 16, 2020 · Proposition 187 is approved in California. On November 8, 1994, 59 percent of California voters approve Proposition 187, banning undocumented immigrants from using the state’s major public... California Proposition 187 (also known as the Save Our State (SOS) initiative) was a 1994 ballot initiative to establish a state-run citizenship screening system and prohibit undocumented immigrants from using non-emergency health care, public education, and other services in the State of California.Voters passed the proposed law at a referendum …Proposition 184 (IS). Require three-time felons to be given sentences from 25 years to life. Proposition 187 (IS). Deny public services to illegal immigrants. March 1996. Proposition 198 (IS). Allow all voters in Primary Elections to vote for any candidate without regard to party affiliation. November 1996. Proposition 208 (IS). Twenty-five years ago, on November 8, 1994, Proposition (Prop) 187 was approved by California voters—supporters and opponents of the measure could not have been more starkly divided. The measure, one of the most pivotal immigration-reform laws in recent California history, would bar undocumented immigrants from receiving any public benefits ... 97-543 A Updated September 15, 1999 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web California's Proposition 187: A Brief Overview (name redacted) Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary On September 13, 1999, a U.S. district judge approved an agreement to end litigation challenging California's Proposition 187, a 1994 ballot initiative to …Judge Mariana R Pfaelzer of Federal District Court in Los Angeles issues memorandum of law holding that core elements of California's Proposition 187, denying array of social services to ...Proposition 187, the brain-child of anti-immigrant activists led by Governor Pete Wilson in his efforts to secure re-election, was a pernicious and unabashed attempt to incriminate immigrants. Approved by the voters 59% to 41%, Proposition 187 would have prohibited undocumented immigrants and their citizen children from going to the doctor and ...React JS has become one of the most popular JavaScript libraries for building modern user interfaces. With its efficient and flexible nature, it has gained immense popularity among...Nov. 15, 1997 12 AM PT. TIMES STAFF WRITER. A federal judge in Los Angeles ruled Friday that Proposition 187, the divisive 1994 ballot initiative targeting illegal immigrants, violates both the ...187. Proposition 187 was a California ballot measure passed in 1994 that sought to deny public services to undocumented immigrants. While the initiative was meant to keep the “immigrant threat” at bay, it mobilized non-immigrants and immigrants in Latino communities as well as their allies across the state.Proposition 187 Conference Thirty Years of Activism, Resistance & Culture. Join the Latino and Latin American Studies Research Center and the Tomás Rivera Chair for a conference celebrating 30 years of Latino activism, culture and resistance since Proposition 187 at the downtown Culver Center.Judge strikes down Prop. 187. Nov 14, 1997. 1997-11-14 04:00:00 PDT CALIFORNIA -- LOS ANGELES - A federal judge Friday struck down California's controversial Proposition 187 which would limit the ...Nov 8, 2019 · Proposition 187 won the vote in 1994. But the reaction to it was a victory for Latinos and progressives in California. How ‘An Attack On Us Brown People’ 25 Years Ago Created A New Generation Of Activists Years before she became one of the most powerful and effective women in California politics, Lorena Gonzalez, then a graduate student, watched the campaign for Prop 187 unfold in her home state.Are you dreaming of a relaxing getaway in the beautiful wine country of Napa, CA? Look no further than vacation rentals. With their spacious accommodations, homey atmosphere, and c...Proposition 187, also called SOS (Save Our State) was designed to stop illegal aliens from entering the state. ... Proponents of Prop 187 felt that it would end the "alien invasion" (Cahn 167) and save the state. ... The driver's license repeal "may well be a prelude to another Prop. 187. ... Word Count: 2233.How Proposition 187 Transformed California. November 4, 2019 at 10:35 AM PST. Listen • 8:35. Show transcript. By KPBS Public Media. Friday marks the 25th anniversary of the passage of ...Expanding her summary judgment ruling of November 20, 1995, U.S. District Judge Mariana Pfaelzer issued a final judgment, on March 13 in the challenge to the anti-immigrant Proposition 187, confirming the federal government's exclusive authority over immigration and declaring the measure unconstitutional. With this ruling, a trial at the district …Judge Rejects Prop 187 Bans on Calif. Services. A federal judge in Los Angeles last week struck down many provisions, including those relating to schools, contained in the 1994 ballot measure ...As California was seemingly coming apart at the seams, Governor Pete Wilson needed to mount a re-election bid. In an effort to win victory over a strong Democratic candidate Kathleen Brown, he helped propel this anti-immigrant bill into the limelight. The fight against Prop 187 awakened Latino political power, dramatically changing California ...Nov 7, 2019 · First, there’s the notion that Pete Wilson glommed on to Prop 187 to revive his flagging fortunes. Indeed, at one point in the 1994 race, Wilson trailed Kathleen Brown by over 30 points. Wilson endorsed Proposition 187 in September of the election year—by that point, he’d moved ahead of his challenger in most statewide polls. He didn’t ... Passed by a wide margin of California voters in 1994, Prop. 187 is primarily remembered as a law that tried to deny state-funded health care and education to unauthorized immigrants. Far less attention has been paid to Section Four in Prop. 187 that required all law enforcement agencies (LEAs) in California to “fully cooperate” with …[California general election, 1994 (Nov. 8), Proposition 187, ineligibility of illegal aliens for public services : campaign ephemera and newspaper clippings].Outrage over passage of Proposition 187 once again spilled into the streets as hundreds of high school students in San Francisco, Sacramento, Los Angeles, San Diego and other cities held marches ...Proposition 187 May Have Alienated White Voters Too. Like the above papers, Bowler, Nicholson, and Segura (2006) argue that Propositions 187, 209, and 227 reversed the trend of Hispanics self ...Downloadable! On November 8, 1994, California voters approved Proposition 187 through a statewide initiative. The proposition denied certain public benefits and services to illegal aliens and required that all agencies related to these services report anyone suspected to be illegal to state agencies and the Immigration and Naturalization Service.Nov 8, 2019 · Twenty-five years ago today, California voters passed Proposition 187, which barred people, in the state illegally, from receiving public benefits or attending public schools. While the ... Perhaps the most telling argument against Proposition 187 is in a document called “Summary of Legislative Analyst’s Estimate of Net State and Local Government Fiscal Impact,” which appears ...Proposition 187 May Have Alienated White Voters Too. Like the above papers, Bowler, Nicholson, and Segura (2006) argue that Propositions 187, 209, and 227 reversed the trend of Hispanics self ...Verification and Reporting.) Proposition 187 passed with 58.93% of the vote. Proposition 188 (Smoking and Tobacco Products. Local Preemption. Statewide Regulation.) Proposition 188 failed with 29.31% of the vote. Proposition 189 (Bail Exception. Felony Sexual Assault.) Proposition 189 passed with 79.41% of the vote. Proposition 190All submissions should be typed and double-spaced. Arguments may be hand-delivered to the Secretary of State’s Elections Division at 1500 11 th Street, 5 th Floor, Sacramento, California 95814; faxed to (916) 653-3214; or emailed to [email protected]. If faxed or emailed, the original documents must be received …Oct 15, 2019 · Opinion: Proposition 187’s anti-immigrant cruelty was a California tradition . Nov. 7, 2019. Letters to the Editor: 25 years after Prop. 187, California’s Latinos aren’t much better off . 97-543 A Updated September 15, 1999 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web California's Proposition 187: A Brief Overview (name redacted) Legislative Attorney American Law Division Summary On September 13, 1999, a U.S. district judge approved an agreement to end litigation challenging California's Proposition 187, a 1994 ballot initiative to …Nov 4, 2019 · November 4, 2019 at 10:35 AM PST. Listen • 8:35. Show transcript. By KPBS Public Media. Friday marks the 25th anniversary of the passage of Proposition 187 and a new podcast by The Los Angeles ... The L. A. Times articles on the 187 debate that most strikingly reproduce a rhetoric of resentment are those that divide space into realms of chaos and order, and use father-son symbolism to depict the restoration of order.10 Many of the L.A. Times articles on Proposition 187 and immigration in general, provided a mapping of territory similar ...Southern California is a popular destination for those looking to settle down in a new home. With its beautiful weather, diverse culture, and thriving job market, it’s no wonder th...A message from the California Latino Legislative Caucus to mark the 25th anniversary of the passage of Proposition 187, a statewide ballot measure championed...And Proposition 187 has “a direct lineage to Trump,” Stein added, “an escalating curve, from 1994 all the way to 2016.” California Prop. 187 forced a generation to put fear aside and fight.Lessons for Trump in the effect of California's Prop 187. ... but that image changed when he got behind Proposition 187 to save his 1994 re-election campaign. When Trump hits back, he hits back ...Are you having trouble activating CTV.ca on your device? Don’t worry, you’re not alone. Many users experience issues when trying to activate their CTV.ca account, but with a little...Expanding her summary judgment ruling of November 20, 1995, U.S. District Judge Mariana Pfaelzer issued a final judgment, on March 13 in the challenge to the anti-immigrant Proposition 187, confirming the federal government's exclusive authority over immigration and declaring the measure unconstitutional. With this ruling, a trial at the district …It’s easy to think that Proposition 187 came in isolation. It didn’t. It was a very anti-immigrant time for lawmaking in California. In the state itself, the year before Proposition 187 was passed, the legislature by a bipartisan vote decided to deny driver’s licenses to undocumented people, which only in recent years has been reversed.187. Proposition 187 was a California ballot measure passed in 1994 that sought to deny public services to undocumented immigrants. While the initiative was meant to keep the “immigrant threat” at bay, it mobilized non-immigrants and immigrants in Latino communities as well as their allies across the state.Proposition 187 also mandates that educational, social service, public health and law enforcement officials verify the residency status of students, patients and prisoners.Proposition 187, a controversial ballot measure that California voters made law last week, has sparked a flurry of lawsuits in state and federal courts and sent students into the streets in protest.Are you having trouble activating CTV.ca on your device? Don’t worry, you’re not alone. Many users experience issues when trying to activate their CTV.ca account, but with a little...Exactly 25 years ago, 59% of California voters passed the “Save Our State” initiative, better known as Proposition 187, which called for throwing undocumented children out of schools and hospitals and for teachers and nurses to become de-facto immigration ... Prop. 187 was their political awakening; it was “the issue of a generation ...BestBuy.ca is a popular online retailer that offers a wide range of electronics, appliances, and entertainment products. One of the many perks of shopping at BestBuy.ca is their re...Opinion: Proposition 187’s anti-immigrant cruelty was a California tradition. Despite protests such as a massive Oct. 16, 1994 march in Los Angeles, Californians overwhelming voted for ...Downloadable! On November 8, 1994, California voters approved Proposition 187 through a statewide initiative. The proposition denied certain public benefits and services to illegal aliens and required that all agencies related to these services report anyone suspected to be illegal to state agencies and the Immigration and Naturalization Service.Prop. 187 Approved in California. California voters on November 8 voted 59 to 41 percent to approve Proposition 187, the "Save Our State'' Initiative. Proposition 187 is an initiative statute whose provisions remain state law unless disapproved by a two-thirds vote of the California Legislature or by another initiative.Proposition 187: Global Trend or Local Narrative? Explaining Anti-Immigrant Politics in California, Arizona and Texas * Michael Peter Smith, Michael Peter Smith. Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. Search for more papers by this author.Are you planning a getaway to Napa, CA? If so, finding the perfect vacation rental is essential for a memorable and enjoyable trip. Napa is home to several neighborhoods that offer...Nov 7, 2019 · First, there’s the notion that Pete Wilson glommed on to Prop 187 to revive his flagging fortunes. Indeed, at one point in the 1994 race, Wilson trailed Kathleen Brown by over 30 points. Wilson endorsed Proposition 187 in September of the election year—by that point, he’d moved ahead of his challenger in most statewide polls. He didn’t ... Law Enforcement Cooperation with INS. Section 834b is added to the Penal Code, to read: {+ 834b. (a) Every law enforcement agency in California shall fully cooperate with the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service regarding any person who is arrested if he or she is suspected of being present in the United States in violation of ... 187. Proposition 187 was a California ballot measure passed in 1994 that sought to deny public services to undocumented immigrants. While the initiative was meant to keep the “immigrant threat” at bay, it mobilized non-immigrants and immigrants in Latino communities as well as their allies across the state. Are you planning a getaway to Napa, CA? If so, finding the perfect vacation rental is essential for a memorable and enjoyable trip. Napa is home to several neighborhoods that offer...Nov 9, 1994 · On November 9, 1994, California’s voters passed Proposition 187 (also known as the Save Our State referendum), a ballot initiative proposed by anti-immigrant organizations, which restricted undocumented immigrants from the state’s public services, including access to public education and healthcare. Legacy of California’s Prop. 187 foreshadows GOP’s path ahead. by Reid Wilson - 11/10/19 8:30 AM ET. Post. Getty Images. A quarter century ago, California Gov. Pete Wilson (R) faced an ...All submissions should be typed and double-spaced. Arguments may be hand-delivered to the Secretary of State’s Elections Division at 1500 11 th Street, 5 th Floor, Sacramento, California 95814; faxed to (916) 653-3214; or emailed to [email protected]. If faxed or emailed, the original documents must be received …Members of National Immigration Reform demonstrate against California's Proposition 187 outside the Heritage Foundation in Washington, Nov. 18, 1994, as California Gov. Pete Wilson speaks inside.Proposition 187 split the psyche of the state like few things before or since. Californians, confronted with a more diverse state and battered by the state’s worst …This year, Latinos are expected to surpass non-Hispanic whites as California’s single largest demographic. The number of Latino legislators in California has more than doubled since Prop. 187 ...
Verification and Reporting.) Proposition 187 passed with 58.93% of the vote. Proposition 188 (Smoking and Tobacco Products. Local Preemption. Statewide Regulation.) Proposition 188 failed with 29.31% of the vote. Proposition 189 (Bail Exception. Felony Sexual Assault.) Proposition 189 passed with 79.41% of the vote. Proposition 190. Mt federal credit union
Giant steps: Walkouts against 187 trace the growth of an issue into a cause L.A. march against Prop. 187 draws 70,000 Prop. 187 forced a generation to put fear aside and fight.Protesters who oppose Proposition 187 carry out a mock funeral for the immigration initiative and Gov. Pete Wilson during a rally in Los Angeles, Nov. 3, 1994. (Chris Martinez/Associated Press) Maritza Molio'o is at the swap meet pushing her granddaughter's stroller when she overhears us. She comes over to me and my …Proposition 187 taught us that anti-immigrant rhetoric may win in the short-term, but it ultimately is a losing strategy. In Los Angeles recently, we at the Latino Community Foundation hosted a historic gathering of leaders who fought against Proposition 187. Among the speakers was former Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de León who ...Oct 24, 2019 · The legal ruling against Prop. 187 helped stop copycat measures in other states for at least a decade. The ruling also helped to block state and local measures designed to deny housing and other benefits to undocumented immigrants. “Without our legal fight, the effects of 187 would have been disastrous,” said MALDEF’s Saenz. The official version of the argument of Proposition 187 is almost completely economic - and adamantly not racial - at least on the surface. Lance Izumi and Alan Nelson (1992:1), former INS supervisor and co-author of Proposition 187, claimed that "[i]n San Diego County schools, there are between 11,000 and 13,000 illegal immigrant children. California Gov. Pete Wilson at a news conference in Los Angeles on Nov. 9, 1994, the day after Proposition 187, which sought to deny public services to immigrants without legal status, passed. The ...Mar 19, 1998 · LOS ANGELES (AllPolitics, March 19) -- A U.S. District Court judge has declared most of California's Proposition 187 unconstitutional. Approved by voters in 1994, the proposition would have denied ... This Tuesday, unless the world ends before then, is the debut of my first-ever podcast for the Los Angeles Times: “The Battle of 187.” The subject? Proposition 187, a ballot initiative in 1994 that sought to declare war on illegal immigrants but ended up turning California into an progressive paradise.California Gov. Pete Wilson at a news conference in Los Angeles on Nov. 9, 1994, the day after Proposition 187, which sought to deny public services to immigrants without legal status, passed. The ...29 Oct 2019 ... It was called Proposition 187. Prop 187 dominated the '94 election cycle in California. It sent shockwaves through Latino and immigrant ...As 187 is reduced to zero, so are the fears and stereotypes that divided us as a state.” Passed in 1994, Proposition 187 included a requirement that police, healthcare professionals and teachers must verify and report the immigration status of all individuals, including children.Legacy of California’s Prop. 187 foreshadows GOP’s path ahead. by Reid Wilson - 11/10/19 8:30 AM ET. Post. Getty Images. A quarter century ago, California Gov. Pete Wilson (R) faced an ...But by the fall of 1994, the shrewd Wilson and his canny veteran team, taking advantage of mistakes and riding the anti-illegal immigrant Proposition 187, had reversed that big lead. From the time the Wilson campaign began running devastatingly effective TV ads showing Mexicans dashing across the border into California as the announcer intoned, "They …Political Effects Linger 20 Years After Prop. 187 Targeted Illegal Immigration. No on 187 rally in Fresno in 1994. (David Prasad/Flickr) This week marks the 20th anniversary of Proposition 187 , a ballot …LOS ANGELES–Proposition 187 transformed California politics more than any single ballot measure since Proposition 13. And like Proposition 13, which held down property taxes, its effect spilled ...Dec 17, 2019 · December 17, 2019. By Zoe Day. Twenty-five years after Proposition 187 was approved by California voters, UCLA’s Latino Policy & Politics Initiative (LPPI) is working to ensure that the lessons of the Latino activist movement that fought against it are not forgotten. The 1994 ballot initiative sought to deny social services to undocumented ... tion 187 on the November 1994 California ballot -a proposal to deny undocumented immigrants the few public benefits to which they are legally entitled. 2 . The central question of this Comment is whether Proposition 187 is an attempt to save state resources. 1. "Alien" is a legal term that defines all noncitizens of the United States. 8Napa Valley is a renowned destination for wine lovers, food enthusiasts, and those seeking a picturesque getaway. With its rolling vineyards, charming towns, and world-class wineri...The fight against Prop 187 awakened Latino political power, dramatically changing California politics. The Fight is Far from Over: Prop 187, a New Jim Crow and Immigration Today Prop 187 is an important lesson about the strength of a galvanized Latino electorate but highlights the need for continued vigilance in the 21st-century immigration ...Proposition 187 officially qualified for the election in June 1994 and was coincidentally assigned the same number that California’s penal code designates for murder. It arrived at the perfect time. Things had gotten tough in the Golden State, and Democratic and Republican voters and politicians alike believed illegal immigration ...Republicans Jack Kemp and Bill Bennett even opposed Proposition 187. Their opposition was summed up by William F. Buckley Jr. thusly: “The Kemp‐ Bennet position says: Look, there shouldn’t ....